Hurt City

"A Picture could change my life, but if you run away, they get you, and if you stay they get you too." City of God- 2002

http://www.miramax.com/movie/city-of-god/

City of God

              

              The film City of God conveys its historical context by giving us dates every time the movie jumps ahead in time. The film also uses music and clothing to show the changes in decades. The film does not follow a standard chronological timeline. It opens in one of the final scenes of the film, then flashes all the way back to the 1960s. The favela in the 1960s looks like a poor small town or suburb. The children play soccer on a large dirt field with a goal with no net. The jobs that are available are either backbreaking work or simply undesirable, like selling fish in the Brazilian heat. There either isn't much of a drug trade in the favela in the sixties, or the main characters are not yet involved enough with the trade to see it that early in the film. Although, the hoods are often seen smoking weed. By the seventies the streets of the favela are paved and the now teenagers have discovered the beach. This is where they seem to spend most of their time. The drug trade looks like it is growing, and so are the options for drugs. Coke is now becoming a popular choice instead of marijuana. By the eighties the drug trade has grown as big as the city. As the drug trade grew, the amount of regular jobs in the city decreased and the drug trade became a fairly reliable (but dangerous) job.  

http://commfilm.ucalgary.ca/filmsociety/node/29

This photo shows the favela in the sixties. It had dirt roads and cheaply made cookie cutter houses.

  

netflix.com

This photo shoes the favela in the seventies with paved streets and sidewalks. 

http://fedrev.net/?tag=city-of-god

This final photo shows the favela in the eighties. Tall buildings have engulfed the small houses.

                Rocket, the films protagonist and narrator, is a hard working young man. He stays fairly strait laced through the course of the film. His good heart, work ethic, and intelligence help the audience relate to him. Rocket was never comfortable with participating in hold ups and the drug trade. He preferred to learn a trade and go to school. Rocket represents progress and hope for future generations. 

                Rocket is faced with the choice between easy money in the drug trade with his friends or a hard honest living. He is unable to keep any job for very long because of his skin color and presumed reputation. Rocket deals with this by working harder to achieve his dream of becoming a photographer. He takes a job as a paper boy and makes friends with man in the photo lab. By doing this he is able to get his photos developed and subsequently put in the newspaper without his knowledge. This makes him famous in the news office and he begins to take photos of Li’l Ze’s gang. This is where he gets his true start as a photographer. Rocket is faced with the choice of running from danger and missing the photo or staring danger in the face to earn his dream.

http://themovieshow.blogspot.com/

                Li’l Ze’s character began his life as Li’l dice. During the seventies he visited a witch doctor who gave him an amulet for protection and changed his name to Li’l Ze. The film portrays Li’l Ze as a heartless killing machine who is driven by money and power. He rules his favela and keeps the streets and stores safe from robberies and hold ups. The audience is able to relate to him though his almost paternal concern for his city. The film also calls Li’l Ze ugly, and because of this he is unable to find a girlfriend. The audience is made to feel sorry for him about getting turned down to dance, but then he rapes a woman and the audience is completely disconnected from his character. Li’l Ze is representative of violence and malice.

                Benny is a smooth talking, pretty, playboy and Li’l Ze’s right hand man. Benny isn't nearly as serious as Li’l Ze. He falls in love with a girl and plans to get out of the drug trade business and begin a hippy lifestyle with her on a farm far away from City of God. He was able to cross social lines and blend in comfortably with any crowd. This is seen at his going away party where he is unfortunately killed on the night he was planning to leave. The audience easily related to Benny’s friendly and inviting personality.  Benny represented friendship and love.

http://imgbuddy.com/benny-city-of-god.asp

                Knockout Ned was in the military, and after he left was only able to find work taking bus fares. The audience is able to relate to him because of kindness and stance against violence. The woman that knockout Ned was dating was the woman that Li’l Ze raped. Li’l Ze then forgets to kill Knockout Ned and when he goes back to kill him, he ends up killing part of Ned’s family in a shootout. Ned then wants revenge against Li’l Ze and this back and forth grows into an all-out drug war. Ned’s character changes in this short amount of time from a kind pacifist to a killing machine. Knockout Ned represents the pain and change that the drug trade causes in individuals.

                This film conveys a message about the cycle of violence that occurs in places like City of God. The final scene of the film shows a group of children no older than thirteen making a blacklist of people to kill. The audience is reminded of the fact that these are still children because no self-respecting hood would continuously run out of his shoes while going down the street like Giant (a small child) did. Whether or not these children understand the consequences of killing, they will most likely go on to knock off everyone on their blacklist. Such is the cycle of violence. 

netflix.com

Final scene as the young children walk down the street talking about who to kill first.

References

• City of God PowerPoint 

Are You My Mother?

 "It will end! It will end! This habit of killing!"

"Let them tell us where those kidnapped babies are!"

"You ill-begotten military men, what have you done with our missing ones?"

"The foreign debt and the corruption are the worst shit our nation has ever had!"

"And what about Malvinas? Those boys who never came back!

We must never forget them! That’s why we must fight!" 

The Official History- 1985

http://cubaninlondon.blogspot.com/2009/12/la-historia-oficial-official-story.html

The Official Story

                In the film The Official Story, the audience is reminded that history is written by those who win the war, and that while there might be an “official story” there will always be other versions. Those other versions may have darker, but truer, plot lines than the official story prefers to advertise. Early in the film Alicia buts head with a student in her class about the credibility of his sources listed in a paper. By the end of the film Alicia is open to the fact that history may not always be how it was written in the books. I believe that this title relates to the history of Argentina because right after Peron’s entrance into the presidency the people were happy. If history books only focus on this portion of his story, people would be convinced that his presidency was a successful one. This is not the case though, Peron went on to censor the press, limit union activity, and attack the Catholic Church. He then ultimately legalized organized killing though encouraging his supporters to kill those who did not agree with his cause. The title of this film suggests that there is much more to Argentina’s history than meets the eye. 

http://comebacktothefiveanddime.blogspot.com/

                Alicia’s character is a dedicated mother, school teacher, and unassuming wife. The audience is meant to relate to her through her dedication to her job and her love for her daughter. The audience is to feel heartbroken for Alicia as she searches for her daughter’s biological family despite the fact it may mean that Gabby will be taken away. Simply by researching her daughter’s origins Alicia could be putting herself and her family in danger, but her hunger for the truth pushes her forward. Alicia represents honesty and the journey for honest knowledge. In the beginning of the film Alicia represents an unquestioning individual that is too trusting of what she reads in books. She evolves though the course of the film into a questioning, honest individual.  

                This film is told from Alicia’s point of view. She begins the film an unquestioning loyal member of the government’s society, but ends the film an independent inquisitive individual. This change begins when her longtime friend Ana confides in her about the torture she endured for living with a revolutionary. This makes her begin to think about where her daughter came from and question the integrity of those around her. She begins to change as she gathers more and more information about Gabby and other children like her.

http://www.popmatters.com/feature/129318-essential-film-performances-2010-edition-part-one/

                Roberto, Alicia’s husband, works for the government. It is through his job that he and Alicia “adopt” Gabby. The audience members are meant to relate to his will to support and protect his family. His temper sometimes leads him to hurt those he loves. Because of this the audience is distanced from him and no longer supports him, especially after he forces Gabby’s grandmother out of his home. Roberto values family, but only his own. He has no desire to reconnect Gabby to her biological family. By the end of the film the audience wants to cut all ties with him when he goes on to abuse Alicia.

                Ana, Alicia’s friend, was a victim of the torture imparted on those associated with individuals labeled as subversive. Ana told her story to Alicia one night after having a few drinks. Alicia is completely taken aback when she hears this terrible story. Ana tells Alicia about the infants taken away from their mothers while they were being held in the prisons. The audience is meant to feel sorry for Ana. They are also meant to relate to her determination to keep going. Ana values safety and friendship. She represents all of the unfairness that has been happening to individuals in Argentina.

https://quepasafilms.wordpress.com/category/1/

                 Benitez is one of Alicia’s colleagues. He was pushed out of his last teaching position at a university because of his opinions about the government’s handling of the people. The audience is meant to relate to his rebellion and determination to keep teaching despite being told to stop. Benitez helps Alicia in her search for knowledge and is one of the first individuals who makes her stop and think about what’s really happening in Argentina. Benitez represents learning and knowledge.

                The Mothers and Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo is a real grass roots human rights organization devoted to bringing those disappeared home. Alicia meets a member of this group while she is at the hospital she believes Gabby was born in. She lies to the member saying that she lost her child so that they will help her gather information about where Gabby really came from. The audience is meant to support and root for this groups’ success. The audience greatly relates to this group through their pain from the loss of their children and family. The mothers and Grandmother of the Plaza de Mayo represent justice.

http://comebacktothefiveanddime.blogspot.com/

                One of the messages in this film is to question everything, and to never take things for face value. The film’s message about this time period is that this was an extremely difficult and dangerous time for people living in Argentina. It shows that history may be skewed to fit the writer’s agenda, but those who question the history books can gain a new level of understanding of their country. The mothers and grandmothers brave enough to stand up against the people who stole their loved ones are the true heroes of this film. 

https://madresdemayo.wordpress.com/the-dirty-war/

References

• The Official Story PowerPoint 

The Prince and the Pauper

"I'm not from here; I'm from the other side of the river. Look at me!"- Gonzalo, Machuca-2004

http://www.moviepostershop.com/machuca-movie-poster-2004

Machuca

               

               The film Machuca is set in Santiago just before Augusto Pinochet’s military coup in 1973. The film is about a small newly formed group of friends trying to understand the changing world around them. Gonzalo Infante is a privileged boy who is intelligent, goes to private school, and is bullied by the school tyrant. He soon befriends one of the new boys the school brings in from the nearby shantytown. The two band together to protect themselves from the bullies in school then become close friends by spending time at each other’s homes. Pedro Machuca introduces Gonzalo to an entirely new world filled with a kind of people he had never met before. Through Pedro, Gonzalo also meets Silvana, a feisty and outspoken girl. The three attempt to find solid ground while they navigate the political and social differences they are finding in each other’s lives.  

                The film follows a chronological order that remains fairly consistent throughout the film. Key moments in the film revolve around the three friends’ relationship with each other. The first key moment in the film is when the school bully pits the two boys against each other, but Gonzalo refuses to hit Machuca for no reason. I believe two other key moments include when the two boys see each other’s homes for the first time. While this isn't as big a deal for Gonzalo, this is a large milestone for Pedro. Many of Pedro’s other peers at school would never think to invite their impoverished friend over to their home. But Gonzalo does.

http://www.offoffoff.com/film/2005/machuca.php

               Pedro then has Gonzalo over to his home. This is a larger step for the two boys and the tension is apparent for the two characters. The boys’ friendship is further solidified through the rallies and protests they attend to sell flags and earn money. The two boys become comfortable in and around each other’s homes.Soon after this happens Pedro’s father is seen coming home in the middle of the day drunk and seemingly out of work. He terrorizes the kids by saying that while Gonzalo’s life will move on and continue to evolve and grow, Pedro’s will become static in an empty existence of scrubbing toilets for a living.  

                At this point in the film the political turmoil begins to affect the children’s friendship. This is when Silvana spits on the car that Gonzalo’s mother is riding in. Initially Gonzalo’s mother attempts to stand up for the girl, but when Silvana turns on her, Gonzalo’s mother changes her opinion of Silvana extremely quickly. She is no longer a little girl caught up in parade, but instead she is seen as everything wrong with the communist party. Once Silvana finds out that the woman was Gonzalo’s mother, the friendship officially begins to fall apart with no apparent way to repair it. Silvana and Pedro begin to turn on Gonzalo. 

http://veehd.com/video/4587009_Machuca-2004-Spanish-EngSubs

                 In the next few day the government is shaken down and the military begins to round up anyone who may be a communist sympathizer. Gonzalo races to Pedro’s neighborhood to find out what was happening to his once friends. Gonzalo arrives just in time to see Silvana and her father being ripped from their home. Then in the most final kind of ending Silvana is shot and killed in front of the two boys while trying to save her father from the soldiers. The Pinochet coup is the checkpoint of no return for the boys’ friendship. Even if they were able to work out their personal differences, the government powers in control would make it next to impossible for the boys to ever become friends again.

http://www.metroactive.com/papers/metro/07.13.05/machuca-0528.html

Gonzalo and Pedro

                Gonzalo Infante is a primary, fictional character. The audience is meant to relate to him through his innocence and naivety. He knows that here is political unrest in his country, but like most other children, doesn't entirely understand all of the implications. The audience members can relate to him as he learns about the other side of his country. Gonzalo represents innocence and innocence lost. In the beginning of the film Gonzalo loosely values the same ideals that his parents do (which are somewhat contradictory between his mother and father to begin with). When Gonzalo begins to see the other side of his city he begins to question these values. He is exposed to communism and the uglier side of his own social class. Gonzalo is representative of his own position in society through the clothing he wears and the school his parents pay for him to attend. He is unrepresentative of his position in society by “crossing the border” and going into the impoverished side of town. He also defies the norm by attending rallies of both sides and learning about earning a living.

                Pedro Machuca is a primary, fictional character. Pedro’s life of hardship is what endears him to the audience. The audience is meant to feel sorry for Pedro and his family. Because of this the audience becomes a little more open to the idea of communism and the way it may help Pedro, his family, and his community. Pedro’s character represents hard work and family loyalty. Pedro values hard work and friendship. He also values fair and equal opportunities for all people. This never changes throughout the film, except for his duplicity towards Gonzalo near the end of the film.

                Silvana is a fictional primary character. Silvana’s outspoken personality and bluntness makes her seem courageous and strong to the audience. Her personality is reminiscent of an angsty junior high preteen and that helps the audience relate to her harsh outer layer. In stark contrast to Pedro and Gonzalo, Silvana represents everything other than innocence. Her values are fixed and never waver through the film. She knows what she wants, and knows how to manipulate people to get it. Silvana represents rebellion.

https://theworldonfilm.wordpress.com/tag/machuca/

                Father McEnroe is based off a real figure in history, the individual the film is dedicated to. The audience is meant to relate to Father McEnroe’s anger at the end of the film. His need to help people and selflessness are not only part of his profession, but also the things he values the most. This doesn't change throughout the film. When his outrage towards the military men running the school out ways his calm demeanor he removes the Holy Spirit from the cathedral and is then escorted from the premises. Father McEnroe represents everything that is fair and good.

                The subtext of the film suggests that Allende’s presidency offered optimism for change that would affect the classes. This hope was generally for the impoverished. The coup ended all hope of the social change. The film offers a theme of innocence lost. The children featured in this film fight against all odds to keep their friendship alive. Pedro and Silvana’s innocence was lost much before Gonzalo’s, although his was jaded by his mother’s affair. The children’s government attempted to create peace but ultimately failed, and this is tragedy was reflected in the children.  

http://www.flicks.co.nz/movie/machuca/

References

• Pamela Constable and Arturo Valenzuela, “The War” in A Nation of Enemies: Chile Under Pinochet
• Machuca PowerPoint 

When Hell Freezes Over

"Just like that. Son for son, tooth for tooth." -El Infierno 2010

imdb.com

El Infierno

                The film El Infierno is set in the fictional town of San Miguel Arcángel, Mexico in 2010. The film uses the political agenda of the Mexican government to help convey the historical context of the time. It is clear throughout the film that, while the town’s leaders are intertwined with the drug trade, the Mexican government is starting a sort of “war on drugs.” Because the town is generally in poverty and is in such a rural part of Mexico, it is difficult to date the film based on the surroundings.

                 The film depicts rural northern Mexico as impoverished with a great social and economic divide between those who are running/ working with the drug trade and those who are not. When Benny first arrives back to the town he is horrified by the fact that his younger brother was involved with the drug trade and murdered because of it. He is then caught off guard by the fact that murders are happening in the streets in the middle of the day. Benny stands with a couple of women next to the body of a newly killed young man. When Benny asks what happened and what they’re doing the younger woman says, “Don’t you know? This is our daily bread. Remember we are at war.” She then moves to take something off of the dead man’s body and hurries away with the older woman.

                At this point Benny is completely against the drug trade and struggles to find work. He is finally employed by his Godfather, Don Rogaciano, who holds firm against selling out his business to the drug lords. It is clear that business is bad, but Don Rogaciano would do anything for his godson. Benny is haunted by the fact he doesn't know who killed his brother. He is directed to his brother’s widow, La Lupe who works as a prostitute and waitress to support herself and her son, El Diablito.

http://www.tasteofcinema.com/2014/20-essential-films-for-an-introduction-to-new-mexican-cinema/

El Diablito, Lupe, Benny

                Benny is forced into asking El Cochiloco for money when El Diablito is arrested. This 

officially brings Benny into the drug trade and he soon establishes an important role for himself in the ranks of the gang members. The film shows Cochi and Benny visiting almost all the businesses in the small town and surrounding areas, selling large amounts of drugs and other outlawed items. Benny is now completely entangled in the very thing he was sickened by in the start of the film. 

                Benny’s hometown is a reflection of what is happening in the national field. There are corrupted local government officials all the way up to the federal agents who were sent to help seek out the ring leaders in the drug gangs. The film simulates the look of the national government on the small local level of this town. Especially towards the end of the movie several of the films characters state their doubts about the national government’s honesty and intentions.

                The film’s primary characters are Benny Garcia, Lupe, Cochi, and the Reyes family and their minions. Benny Garcia is the lovable main character. Even when he becomes highly involved with the drug trade the audience is still meant to relate to him and see him as a good guy. Benny’s inner conflict at killing the first rival gang member endears him to us. Benny is about to let him go when the rival member almost shoots Benny in return for his kindness. In a split second Benny shoots his opponent and the audience is still on Benny’s side despite the killing. Benny’s character represents survival. We are meant to relate to Benny’s strong sense of family and loyalty.

http://cinescopia.com/el-infierno-retrato-y-unas-pinceladas-de-ficcion/2010/09/infierno-1/

Benny

                Lupe is a hard working woman. While she is a prostitute the audience hardly ever sees her in a negative light because of it. Usually in films when women are prostitutes the audience is meant to feel pity or repulsion for the woman. But, in this film Lupe is seen as a strong woman who knows what she’s doing. When Benny first meets her at Lupe’s home he says she should be a better influence for her son, and she kicks him out with no hesitation. The audience relates to her through her love for her son. As soon as Lupe arrives home she asks her son how he is, if he’s eaten, and if his homework is done. These are things all mothers ask. By the film showing this, they make her human again. Lupe represents hard work, survival, and motherhood.

                The first time we meet Cochi in the film, we are meant to be intimidated by him. It doesn't take long for the film to establish him as Benny’s best friend. Cochi is meant to be the friend we all want to have. He knows a lot about everything, and is seemingly fearless (except for his reasonable fear of the Reyes).  He is kind to Benny and is a family man. We are meant to relate to him through all these things. Cochi represents friendship.

https://pachucodemexico.wordpress.com/2010/09/12/esto-es-el-infierno-y-no-chingaderas-el-cochiloco/

Benny and Cochi

                From the outside the Reyes family is a dynasty of terrible power. We get a look inside the family to see a dopey son, controlling (typical) Latina wife, and the obedient husband that the wife has created. From the inside this family reflects the one watching it. Through these things we are meant to relate to the Reyes family. When J.R. is killed we see a family in mourning. Granted, they mourn in their own way by killing people, but they are still in mourning. This makes them human. The family represents wealth, power, and terror.

                Benny struggles with his moral compass throughout the film. He knows he doesn't want to work for the drug trade, but he also knows he has to support his family. He gets caught up in the money and power. At some point in the middle of the film, I think when he tries cocaine for the first time, he forgets how dangerous what he’s doing is. Several times he is shaken out of this daze, but never takes these warnings seriously until El Diablito’s life is in danger. When there is a price put on El Diablito’s head, Benny realizes he can’t wait any longer to get out of the drug trade. He sends Diablito across the border then goes to the feds. By hoping to gain safety, he almost loses his life. He outsmarts the feds that are taking him to Reyes, but makes it back to his home to find Lupe murdered in their bed. At this point there isn't much left of the Benny we began the film with. Without another thought Benny walks into the town celebration honoring Reyes’ election to the mayoral position and shoots all the people he blames for Lupe’s murder and his life of crime.

                While the film seems to condemn the governments handling of the drug trade, and the drug trade in general, it also glamorizes it and makes it seem like a reasonable way to live life in Mexico.  The film uses family as a driving force for the drug trade. A family controls the drug trade in the town, and Benny joins in to support his family. Cochi is able to build a beautiful large house for his family. The opposing drug ring is led by the brother of Jose Reyes and people are murdered all throughout the film because they are related to the wrong people. The film has a major message of blood is thicker than water.   

http://www.dimex1.com/blog/el-infierno-movie-poster/

References

• Alma Guillermoprieto, “Murderers of Mexico” New York Review of Books October 28, 2010 

The One Not About Shoes...

“You can’t kill an idea…” Viva Zapata-1952

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viva_Zapata!

VIVA ZAPATA

The title of this film set the mood for the movie. In retrospect the meaning of the title seems to be a sort of “long live Zapata” with the significance being that his memory and mission cannot be killed. The film’s historical context is set up by the clothing and scenery. The first scene of Viva Zapata opens with the current president, President Porfirio Diaz, sitting in his plush office in a uniform weighted down with medals. His attire is in stark contrast to what the farmers are wearing when they enter the scene. The farmers are clad in clean, plain white clothes. The scenery dramatically changes as the film follows the farmers home, into the fields and up into the dry windy mountainous hillside.

Emiliano Zapata is a historical figure with whom the audience is supposed to relate to through his humility and reluctance to lead. Zapata begins the film an illiterate peasant who works in a stable. He is impatient in almost every aspect of his life. Zapata learns to read and to use his natural leadership skills to help advance his cause. Throughout (almost) the entire film Zapata upholds his one major value of giving the land back to the people as soon as possible.

http://everyeliakazanmovie.blogspot.com/2013/01/viva-zapata-1952.html

Eufemio Zapata, Emiliano’s brother, helps Emiliano by being his right hand man. Eufemio stays by his brother’s side until the end of the movie when he feels that he has been left behind and uncompensated for all of his work in the revolution. He ends up steeling the land that he helped give back to the people and getting shot by the people who he used to love.

http://www.theguardian.com/film/2009/sep/16/marlon-brando-reel-history

In this photo Eufemio is silencing the maid of Josefa, the woman Emiliano is determined to marry.

Fernando Aguirre is a fictional character who switches sides in the revolution to have himself continuously aligned with the current winners. He initially supports Madero, who was the president after Diaz. Aguirre then switches to supporting the leadership of Zapata when Madero’s reputation begins to slip. Aguirre then switches sides one last time to support General Victoriano Huerta in his fight against Zapata. The audience is to view him as the overall bad guy.

Emiliano and Eufemio Zapata are motivated by survival, both their own and their peoples’. Emiliano is also strongly motivated by justice. He believes that the land should be restored to the farmers so they are able to remain in their home. Over the course of the film Zapata loses sight of his original goal and get caught up in the bureaucracy of the matter. He realizes that he has lost his way when a new set of farmers comes in to speak with him and he realizes he is beginning to act like Diaz. He rectifies himself, but at the cost of losing his brother.

http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viva_Zapata_(film)

The film conveys a message of complete solidarity of the village people and Emiliano Zapata and his ideology. The film shows this by Zapata being surrounded by the town’s people while he is under arrest. They say that they are following him so he doesn't escape. The film also gives a message that an idea is stronger than the mortality of a single person. The people in the town believe that the memory of Zapata and everything he fought for is enough to keep their movement alive.

A major theme of the film is that this is a tough group of people who know how to survive. This reoccurring theme is shown through the film by Zapata and the village people always bouncing back after an attack or tragedy. Another theme of the film is justice, justice for the people who have lost their land and way of life.

Overall I believe this was a fairly good film, although slightly historically inaccurate. The film makes it seem as if Zapata is the only normal person or peasant fighting and leading others into battle. The truth is there were other groups all over working to over through Diaz, Zapata was simply the most successful. Also the entire character of Fernando Aguirre was made up to help the plot along and give the audience a constant figure to hate. Also, in real life Zapata wasn’t nearly as reluctant as the movie makes him out to be. Emiliano Zapata, although, is still a major historical figure who stands for justice at any price.   

http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viva_Zapata!


References

Paul J. Vanderwood, “An American Cold Warrior: Viva Zapata!” in American History/American Film

Viva Zapata Powerpoint

Them Against the World

"On northern days an insect is born at 9a.m. and dies at 5p.m. How can it understand the word night? How can you understand the word love if you were never in love?" 

Camila- 1984, Eduardo O'Gorman

Photo courtesy of http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0087027/

CAMILA

                The major part of the film is set in 1847, featuring a high society Argentinian woman. The film opens with a horse drawn carriage, surrounded by armed guards, approaching a large estate. It is soon explained that the woman in the carriage is the grandmother of Camila O’Gorman, who at this time was a small girl. The grandmother has been sent to live with her estranged son and his family to complete her house arrest.

                The women in the film were constantly ordained in heavy European style clothing, and even when bathing, were clothed. Women were most often seen in church with lace head coverings and even finer clothing than their usual. Church was the main social entertainment for the women of this society and they usually attended some sort of mass or confession at least once a day. There was not much offered in the form of entertainment for women in this time period. They threw parties and teas for their friends and often gathered to sew together, but overall their options were limited because anything done outside of the house required male accompaniment.

 Camila’s home was a sprawling hacienda. The walls of the house were covered with ornate paintings and crown moldings. African servants took care of the family and the estate, tending to their every need. Even the African servants wore Rosas red in some form every day to show solidarity with Caudillo Juan Manuel de Rosas, the current political-military leader at the time.

13:30 shows how serious some individuals, specifically Camila's father, were about always wearing some sort of red. 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XVEM9s0NO2o&oref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DXVEM9s0NO2o&has_verified=1

            The film’s namesake and leading female character, Camila, was a passionate woman. She was portrayed as a stubborn and head stung. Camila represented everything a woman form this time period was not supposed to be. She embraced love and sexuality. She read books banned by the government and went against her father’s wishes, and even the law. She had the courage to run away from her comfortable lifestyle and build a new life for herself, with a man she loved, in a place she had never been.

Photo courtesy of http://www.proyectoallen.com.ar/3/?p=6095

           There is a scene in in the film which Camila sneaks up to her ailing grandmother’s apartments to hear stories her adventures and lost loves. In the beginning of the film Camila struggled with the idea of living the rest of her life in ease, but being tied to a man she doesn’t love. Camila was fascinated by love and knew that she could not spend the rest of her life pretending to love someone she didn’t. Then she met Ladislao.

          

           Ladislao was an anti-Rosas priest with big ideas and a platform to shout them from. He was guided by a strong moral compass, but thrown off course by the unexpected love he found with Camila. Ladislao represented selflessness and devotion, although he couldn't always decide if his devotion should be for Camila or God and the church.   

           The film presented the problems in this era with patriarchy. Camila’s father, Adolfo, was the figurehead for this issue. From the beginning of the movie to the very end he ruled his house with a domineering power. According to Adolfo, single women cause anarchy and all women were instruments of the devil. Women were to either be married off or sent away to a convent. He kept his own mother locked away in his home and viewed his children as business investments. Adolfo’s views on women, while partly shaped by the time period, may have been effected by his mother’s affairs with different heads of state. Much of what Adolfo did was carried out by other people. The kittens Adolfo had drowned were thrown in the ocean by a servant, and the execution of his daughter, and ultimately grandchild were carried out by a firing squad. While Adolfo had the most power in his home, he didn’t have the nerve to take responsibility of any of it himself.   

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UB0A6lc3jfs

             This type of dictatorship is similar to Rosas’ style of ruling. Adolfo ruled his house with fear, just as Rosas ruled the country. Intimidation and threats kept people in line while henchmen carried out the dirty work. Anyone who opposed their ruling or dared to speak up was taken care of one way or another.

             A major intent of this film is the power of love. Because of love Camila and Ladislao were able to run away and be happy. They were able to make sacrifices for each other because of love. They were also ultimately able to face death with less fear because of their love for each other. The film closes with the couple being placed in one large coffin in a way that is reminiscent of them simply sleeping in their bed as if to say they will be together forever and in love.

http://history.sffs.org/i/films/1985/

             Another intent could be identified as challenging an unjust authority. Whether it’s Camila and Ladislao running away from the law and Adolfo, or the firing squad refusing to shoot a woman the questioning of authority is a reoccurring theme. Camila’s mother even quietly under minds Adolfo’s authority by encouraging her daughters and witty comments.

             Overall I enjoyed this film, but from a historical standpoint Camila’s story was sensationalized to make it seem like it was them against the world. In reality Adolfo was more sympathetic and several people wrote letters in protest to Rosas imploring that they not be executed. Also the film made it seem that Camila was only a month or two pregnant when they were exucuted, but in reality she was eight months pregnant. This real life Romeo and Juliet have a love story that will live on.

Image curtesy of: http://www.cineplex.com/Movie/camila/Photos



References

• Donald F. Stevens, “Passion and Patriarchy in Nineteenth-Century Argentina: María Luisa Bemberg’sCamila” in Based on a True Story Latin American History at the Movies
• Camila Powerpoint 

Help on Wheels

The Motorcycle Diaries

                The historical context of this film is set up by the use of people and scenery. South America at this time is recovering from the effects of World War II. Many of the people that Fuser and Alberto encounter during their trip are displaced and looking for work (specifically the couple they met in the Atacama Desert). Those who did have a home were living under poor conditions (the family in Cuzco). The scenery they passed through was filled with car and trucks from the fifties and the buildings were dated.

                Ernesto “Fuser” Guevara, later to be widely known as Che, is a medical student with asthma. The audience of the film is meant to relate to Ernesto through his vulnerability, innocence, and naivety. As he travels through South America he learns, not only about other social classes, but about himself. The audience is supposed to feel his hurt for the plight of the people he helps. In the beginning of the film Ernesto is concerned only about his future and settling down. This changes by the end of the film Ernesto is a selfless individual only concerned with the future of the people of South America. I believe that most of Ernesto's characterization happens when he meets the couple in the Atacama Desert. He learns that the government was not fair to everyone, and that a large portion of the population is living hand to mouth. Most importantly this is where he first beings to contemplate communism.

http://www.focusfeatures.com/motorcycle_diaries/photos

This photo represents the life Fuser is planning for himself. Here he is dancing with girlfriend at the time. 

                Alberto, Ernesto’s best friend, is a less well known historical figure. The Audience is intended to relate to Alberto’s quirkiness and his frustration with Ernesto’s honesty and dedication. Alberto represents a free spirit. By the end of the film he realizes that he needs to settle down and start building a life for himself. Most of Alberto’s characterization happens in the San Pablo leper colony. This is where he begins to realize that there is more to life than chasing women and having adventures. He does this by getting a job in a hospital. 

http://www.focusfeatures.com/motorcycle_diaries

This photo shows the two young men at the beginning of their long journey.

                Both characters are motivated by helping people, although Ernesto more so than Alberto. Alberto is, quite honestly, motivated by women. Arguably, women are one of the main driving points to why they began this epic journey in the first place. In reality Ernesto was quite the ladies’ man, but the film portrays him as less interested to make him seem more selfless. Ernesto and Alberto are also motivated by the need and determination to finish what they started. At any point they could have given up and gone home. It would have been easier, and probably safer to quit.

All of Ernesto’s motivation stems from his need to help people by the end of the film. His motivation is shown through his physical determination to swim across the river. His determination is also shown through his need to make an emotional connection with the people in the leper colony. Ernesto goes against all the rules and makes skin to skin contact with the lepers, and then builds trust with them through unconditional friendship and caring. He is so motivated to help people that he puts his own life at risk at several points in the film.

http://joy-of-books.blogspot.com/2006/02/motorcycle-diaries-book-and-film.html

This picture shows Ernesto cleaning the wounds of one of the colony member's feet. This is one of the ways that he connected with the people living there. Ernesto was unafraid to touch them without gloves. This was a first for many of the people since being put in the colony by family, friends, or employers. 

The intent of this film was to show the development and character growth of Ernesto Guevara. This journey is what molded him into the leader and famous historical figure he became. The message that Ernesto delivers to the audience is that everyone deserves help. Ernesto helped everyone no matter their social class or what they could give him in return. He was fascinated by other people and the relationships they had with each other. 

I believe that this was a great film. With the help of the real Alberto Granado, this film was a huge success. Although the movie uses dramatic licence to make get away's more close and trickery to make their adventures more exciting, much of the film accurately portrays the youth of the young new revolutionary.    

References

 “Just a Pretty Face?” The Guardian, July 10, 2004 

Eduardo Elena, “Point of Departure: Travel and Nationalism in Ernesto Guevara’s Argentina” in Che’s Travels: The Making of a Revolutionary in 1950s Latin America

Paulo Drinot, “Introduction” in Che’s Travels: The Making of a Revolutionary in 1950s Latin America, pp. 1-12, up to the end of the section on the Eduardo Elena article. This is a portion of the introduction

The Tale of Two Lucias

Era of Independence Lucia:

                This film sets the historical context of this era primarily by the clothing and scenery. The women are mainly dressed in European style clothing and are covered from head to toe at all times of the day. The only woman who isn’t dressed in this same style is Fernandina, who is dressed in rags. The scenery is filled with large homes and is mostly populated by wealthy, white, women because the men are off fighting battles. The women spend their time in church and sewing hammocks and other similar items for the men at war.

 

Still from Lucia, 1969

Image courtesy of New Yorker Film

This picture shows the difference between the two lifestyles and clothing of the women. 

https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL980AAF94B1E3E441

This still of the movie shows the style of the large house that Lucia lives in.

This portion of the film, which is highly melodramatic, creates a stark difference between what occurs inside and outside of the wealthy households. When the women are gossiping about what caused Fernandina to go insane the camera angles and music changes drastically to emphasize the differences between the two worlds. The wealthy women are sheltered and safe in the space that was made for them, and they never wish for anything more.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cbV_b-WzqSI

At 5:10 in this clip shows the different filming styles used to portray the very different worlds the two classes of women come from.   

                This Lucia values love and familial relationships. Over the course of the film her focus is shifted to only Rafael. She modifies her opinions about the war and is no longer as open about them as she once was. She eventually unknowingly gives away the position of Felipe and the other independence supporters, who were hiding at the cafetal, which leads to Felipe’s death. Lucia is so shaken over her betrayal of her brother that she stabs Rafael out of grief and anger, essentially aligning herself with the Cuban aristocracy’s side of the war. 

This part of the film seems to set a tone for the other two parts in regards to gender roles and the treatment of women. For Fernandina the world is a scary place. She is maltreated by everyone. The intent of this is to show the conditions for women, especially those without money or status.  Another intent of this portion of the film is to show Cuban nationalism and represent the history of their independence.

Communist Construction Era Lucia:

                This portion of the film uses clothing, settings and scenery to depict historical context. This Lucia is a hard-working, pants-wearing, sexual woman. She goes to work every day with truckloads of other women in the fields that surround her home. She knows how to do many different jobs and is extremely independent. The small shacks that everyone lives in are the exact opposite of the massive homes that were featured in the era of independence. The parties held in the town are filled with liqueur and cigars and the families are getting ready to open their homes to literacy teachers. The Regional Committee for the Defense of the Revolution meetings are led by people of African descent, which would have been unheard of in the independence era. 

http://peliculascubanas.org/lucia-1968/

This picture features one of the Regional Committee for the Defense of the Revolution meetings held in the town. You can see that the meeting is being led by Flavio, a man of African descent. 

                Lucia represents hard work and determination, while Tomas represents old ways and traditions.  While both are highly motivated to work, Tomas is extremely traditional (and abusive) and insists that Lucia remain in the house with the windows and doors shut. This drives Lucia crazy and eventually. her need to work wins out over her love for Tomas. In this slapstick comedy portion of the film Lucia and Tomas have an epic argument and chase scene and it is unclear what the final outcome of the major disagreement is.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eeR8sWv06QU

Beginning at 6:00 minutes this clip depicts how jealous and old fashioned Tomas is. He is enraged over the site of his new wife dancing with another man, and starts a fight. 

                The intent of this portion of the film is to show how far gender biases have come and the evolution of social classes. Tomas represents the old ways of Cuban history. Flavio states near the end of the film that women are no longer treaded the way he treats Lucia and that he should allow her to work and earn her share. This portion of the film also highlights the importance of all the jobs done by rule workers, and how important they are to Cuba as a whole. All the people working hard in this part of the film seem much happier with themselves and their lives than those in the independence era. The creators even ended the film with a laughing child to represent the hope for new generations.  

                I believe that Lucia was a good film, although intent and message of the film were biased.

References

 Lucia Powerpoint

Barbara Weinstein, “Lucía: Inventing Women’s History on Film” in Based on a True Story Latin American History at the Movies

"This is the account of when all is still silent and placid. All is silent and calm. Hushed and empty is the womb of the sky. These, then, are the first words, the first speech. There is not yet one person, one animal, bird, fish, crab, tree, rock, hollow, canyon, meadow, or forest. All alone the sky exists. The face of the earth has no yet appeared."

 - Allen J. Christenson, Popol Vuh: The Sacred Book of the Maya

The Creation of the Earth, page from Popol Vuh

Perspectives on Popol Vuh: The Creation Myth of the Maya 

        This film tells the story of the Mayan myth of creation with visual aids taken directly form classic Maya pottery. The film covers the myth from beginning to end, detailing the creation of the world, humans, and animals. The myth and film even gives an explanation of the underworld, called Xibalba, and a popular ball game. The narrative of the story follows a fast paced and steady chronological order throughout the film. Popol Vuh explains all of this through the story of Hunter and Jaguar Deer and their family. 

        The opening credits of the film set an example of the style of film for the rest of the movie. Traditional music played in the background as a man spoke the opening credits in the native language. The creation story begins by Heart of Sky and Heart of Earth thinking all of hearth and creation into existence. I thought this was a very visually appealing portion of the movie as the film showed what looked like different constellations representing Heart of Sky and Heart of Earth. They then turn into recognizable creatures who then began thinking the world into existence.  Minutes 2:40 to 4:12 in the video show this portion.    

        Heart of Sky and Heart of Earth called on Xmucane, Our Grandmother, and Xpiyacoc, Our Grandfather, to create humans who would be obedient and respectful to Heart of Sky and Heart of Earth. This took several attempts, the first was destroyed and the second attempt was washed away in a flood and turned into monkeys. Then One Hunter and Seven Hunter were born to Our Grandmother and Our Grandfather. One Hunter and Seven Hunter then had two sons of their own, One Howler and One Monkey, who were artists and magicians. The family played ball together daily. The evil lords of Xibalba heard the family playing the game and became jealous. There were several different evil lords of the underworld, all representing terrible sicknesses and sins. They challenge One Hunter and Seven hunter to a game, and sacrificed them. 

          

        One Hunter's head was hung in a barren tree and instantly the tree began producing the fruit. Little Blood, a daughter of a Lord of Xibalba, went to the tree. Suddenly One Hunter's head begins to talk to her. Little blood then carries One Hunter's twins and escapes her father though trickery, who wants to kill her. Little Blood then goes to Our Grandmother seeking help. Grandmother then tells her to gather a full bag of corn to prove that she is her daughter-in-law. 

        Little Blood then gives birth to Hunter and Jaguar Deer, the hero twins. The myth states that the twins were unwanted by their grandmother, and that One Howler and One Monkey tried to kill them. They grew up in the mountains hunting for their family, and never cared for. I believe that this part of the twins life is used to help the audience relate to the hero twins and humanize them. One Howler and One Monkey were lazy and mean, so Hunter and Jaguar Deer tricked them and turned them into monkeys. Though the myth we begin to understand that trickery was an improtant part of Mayan culture and story telling.  

Photographs © Justin Kerr

Maya vase K1789  depicts three monkeys holding stones, a Maya metaphor for the 3 hearth stones of Maya creation.

        Hunter and Jaguar Deer then grew to be young men, and offered to tend the fields for Grandmother. They only did this to trick grandmother into feeding them. The fields are robbed in night after ever attempt to plant corn. This part of the myth explains why certain animals look the way they do. The animals would come into the fields and tell the plants to rise and walk away form the fields. In an attempt to stop the animals hunter and Jaguar Deer pulled on the tails of deer and rabbit, causing them to fall off. They then grabbed rat and squeezed him, burned his tail, and made his eyes bulge. Rat told them about their fathers and explained that the twins are not farmers, but ball players. 

        Rat then helped the twins get the ball equipment that was hidden by grandmother by tricking her and Little Blood. The twins took the ball equipment and begin practicing. The Lords of Xibalba heard the twins practicing and invited them down for a challenge. The twins decided to go to avenge theri father's deaths. The twins planted corn stalks in the houses of Little Blood and Grandmother. If the corn stalk bared a tassel then the twins were still living, if the stalk was dead, so were the twins. 

        Hunter and Jaguar Deer went down into the underworld. The twins told mosquito to learn the names of all the Lords for them. When the twins met with the Lords they already new their names, therefore taking away some of their power. The twins were not tricked like their fathers and passed the first trial of Xibalba, The House of Darkness. The twins then won the first ball game. The next trail of Xibalba was The House of Knives, which the twins also passed. The twins were the locked in the House of Cold, the third trial of Xibalba. The fourth trail was the House of Jaguars, and the twins passed. Next was the house of Bats. The twins slept in their blow guns, but when the twins awoke they couldn't see the dawn. Hunter's head was then taken by a bat. 

https://ferrebeekeeper.wordpress.com/2012/12/

Lords of Xibalba

        Jaguar Deer called the animals to him and put a pumpkin on Hunter's body to trick the Lords. They then went down to play the final game. Jaguar Deer then found Hunter's head on the ball court and put it back on hunter's body. Hunter and Jaguar Deer then won the final game, but they knew that they would die in Xibalba anyway. Hunter and Jaguar Deer arranged for heir bones to be ground and thrown into the river after they died. Then the hero twin jumped into the fire and died, unwilling to let the Lords of the Underworld kill them. 

          A short time later two old beggars came into Xibalba. They danced, and preformed. They would burn down houses and kill themselves, only to reappear and come back to life. The Lord of hte underworld then invited the beggars to the House of the Lords. The beggars began to preform for the Lords and the Lords were fascinated by their magic. The Lords had their houses burned, to watch it reappear, and had their dogs and friends killed to see them come back to life. The Lords then had the beggars sacrifice them selves, and then had a longing to be part of the sacrifice themselves. The beggars sacrificed the Lords, but did not bring them back to life. The beggars then revealed their true selves as Hunter and Jaguar Deer. They then left the underworld, after avenging their fathers deaths. The hero twins then became the sun and the moon to lite the heavens and the earth for all eternity.

https://2012profeciasmayasfindelmundo.wordpress.com/tag/heroes-gemelos-popol-vuh

Hero Twins/

        ______________________________________________________________________

         The intent of the film was to show the story of the creation myth in a new way. Throughout the film the audience is constantly pushed to root the twins and their well being, and I believe that this represents a "triumph over evil" type of theme. A power and control theme could also be applied to the myth because Xibalba tries to control what happens outside of the underworld, but the twins end up winning in the end. The twin overcome the odds set in front of them, and gain eternity though living as the sun and moon.